Process for production of gabapentin intermediate

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a novel process for producing a the intermediary compound α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide. The process includes the steps of reacting a ketone such as cyclohexanone with ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/244,891 filed Nov. 2, 2000 and entitled Improved Process for Production of Gabapentin Intermediate.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to a compound that is used as an intermediate in the production of gabapentin, and a process for production thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide, and a process for manufacturing α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Gabapentin, 1-(aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid, has the chemical structure of formula I:

[0004] Gabapentin is used for treating cerebral diseases such as epilepsy, faintness attacks, hypokinesis and cranial traumas. U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,175 to Satzinger et al., incorporated herein by reference, discloses that gabapentin of formula (I) shows hypothermal and, in some cases, narcosis-potentiating or sedating properties as well as protective effect against cardiozole cramp in animals. Gabapentin is the active ingredient in Neurontin, marketed by Warner Lambert, and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an anti-epileptic, anti-seizure, or anti-convulsant medication. As such, there has been a need for producing pure and stable gabapentin.

[0005] In one process for the preparation of gabapentin, an intermediary, α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide (formula I)

[0006] is produced by the Guareschi reaction in the following manner. Cyclohexanone and ethylcyanoacetate are reacted in an anhydrous environment in the presence of gaseous ammonia dissolved in ethanol. The reaction is represented as

[0007] The Guareschi reaction is inefficient as the reaction requires at least 48 hours to proceed to completion, and more typically between 48-168 hours for completion. In addition, current environmental regulations make it impractical to produce gaseous NH₃ in ethanol on a large scale.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention relates to a process for producing α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide (formula I) by reacting cyclohexanone and ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. The process of the present invention can be substantially completed in less than 24 hours. The reaction of the present invention can be processed in an aqueous environment and may include at least one solvent. The solvent can be methanol, ethanol or any similar solvent not having adverse affect on the reaction. Most importantly, a reaction of the present invention need not be conducted in an anhydrous environment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] We have discovered that contrary to previous practice in the art, the Guareschi reaction may be performed in the presence of water. Consequently, gaseous NH₃ can be replaced in the reaction of α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide by, for example, an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide. Such aqueous solutions are significantly easier to handle since they avoid many of the environmental concerns that would arise from handling gaseous NH₃ in ethanol.

[0010] Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention a ketone is condensed with ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. In another embodiment of the invention, the ketone is cyclohexanone.

[0011] A reaction according to the present invention is substantially complete in less than 36 to 48 hours. In one embodiment of the invention, the reaction process is substantially completed in 24 to 36 hours. In a preferred embodiment, a reaction according to the present invention is substantially completed in less than 24 hours.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, a molar ratio of ethylcyanoacetate:ketone is in the range of 1:0.5 to 4:2. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a molar ratio of ethylcyanoacetate:cyclohexanone is 2:1.

[0013] The organic solvent used in the Guareschi reaction can be an alcohol or another polar solvent. In a preferred embodiment the solvents are be methanol and ethanol. In addition, esters of cyanoacetate acid, such as for example, methylcyanoacetate can be used to replace ethylcyanoacetate in the Guareschi reaction.

[0014] The embodiments of the present invention are further described in the following example.

EXAMPLE 1

[0015] In a three-necked round flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a thermometer and an agitator 264.4 gm of ethylcyanoacetate and 312 gm of methanol are added. The solution is cooled to 8° C. while stirring. Two grams of ammonium acetate and one equivalent of cyclohexanone are added at 8° C. 60 g of ammonium hydroxide solution 25% is added during 1 hour. During the addition of ammonium hydroxide, the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained between 8 to 11° C. The solution is further maintained for half an hour at 8-11° C. The cooling is stopped and the temperature of the reaction mixture is allowed to rise during 45 minutes to 25° C. The suspension is maintained for 20 hours at 25° C. After 20 hours, the suspension is lightly heated and 50% sulfuric acid is added until the pH is 2. During the acidification the temperature is maintained in the range of 50-55° C. The reaction mass is cooled to 12° C. At 12° C. the suspension is mixed for half an hour and then filtered. The filter cake is washed with a mixture of methanol:water (1:1 by weight). The mixture is then washed with water.

[0016] After drying, 163 gm of α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide (formula I) is obtained with an assay of 94% and a purity of 99.9%. This represents a yield of 85%. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing a compound of formula I

comprising reacting a ketone with ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ketone is cyclohexanone.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction takes place in an aqueous environment.
 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising a solvent.
 5. The process of claim 4, in which the solvent is methanol.
 6. The process of claim 4, in which the solvent is ethanol.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction is substantially complete within 24 hours.
 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising adding water.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the ratio of ethylcyanoacetate to cyclohexanone is in the range of 1:0.5 to 3:2.
 10. A product made according to the process of claim
 1. 11. A process for producing a compound of formula I comprising reacting cyclohexanone and ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.
 12. A product made according to the process of claim
 11. 13. A process for producing α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide comprising reacting cyclohexanone and ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.
 14. A product made according to the process of claim
 13. 15. A method of forming pentamethylene glutaramides by carrying out the Guareschi reaction in the presence of water.
 16. A product made according to the process of claim
 15. 17. A method of forming pentamethylene glutaramides by carrying out the Guareschi reaction in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.
 18. A product made according to the process of claim
 17. 19. A method of forming glutaramides by carrying out the Guareschi reaction in the presence of water.
 20. A product made according to the process of claim
 19. 21. A method of forming glutaramides by carrying out the Guareschi reaction in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.
 22. A product made according to the process of claim
 21. 